Investigating the miRNA mediated protection against viral hepatitis; A comprehensive review.

Ehtisham Shafique; Eiman Bint E Abdul Mateen; Abeera Binte Ahmad; Alia Babr; Shazma Yousaf; Saba Iftikhar; Muhammad Usman

doi:10.5455/EJMID.20250528121606

Abstract
Viral hepatitis, caused by HBV, HCV, and HDV, remains a significant global health concern, contributing to substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly in the progression to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This review explores the structural and genomic characteristics of these viruses, highlighting their mechanisms of infection, viral life cycles, and integration into the host genome, which often act as molecular triggers for carcinogenesis. The global burden of viral hepatitis, alongside regional risk factors, is examined to underscore disparities in disease prevalence and outcomes. The role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathogenesis of viral hepatitis and its progression to HCC is a focal point, with emphasis on their involvement in viral gene expression regulation, chromatin modifications, and interactions with oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Emerging evidence on protective miRNAs, such as miR-194, miR-122, and miR-196, is discussed alongside therapeutic potential, including miRNA-based interventions and preventive strategies. Additionally, the influence of diet, such as soy or high-fat consumption, on viral susceptibility and liver transcriptomic changes is explored, providing insights into potential lifestyle modifications. This review offers a comprehensive overview of genetic and epigenetic regulators of viral hepatitis and their implications for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches, including miRNA-based vaccines, aimed at reducing the burden of this disease globally.

Key words: Hepatitis, miRNA, Therapeutics, Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)