Nanotechnology in Diabetes Management: Advances in Diagnostics, Drug Delivery, and Therapeutic Applications

Mubaraq Damilare Yussuf; Anthony Nduka Kokelu; Ayodeĺe Olatunji Akinrodoye; Akon Ekpenyong Usoh; Emmanuel Amuchechukwu Kevin; Muftanatu Gomina; Sa'adat Usman; Chiemeli Emmanuel Ezeani; Mmaduabuchi Ikemefuna Adimorah

doi:10.5455/EJSRR.20250108014459

Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder with significant global health consequences due to its rising prevalence and associated complications. Current management strategies, such as blood glucose monitoring and insulin administration, often fall short in maintaining optimal glycaemic control and require high patient compliance. Nanotechnology has emerged as a breakthrough approach in diabetes management, offering innovative solutions for continuous glucose monitoring, targeted drug delivery, β-cell visualization, and the treatment of diabetes-related complications such as diabetic cardiomyopathy, macroangiopathy, and foot ulcers.
This research explores the role of nanosensors in non-invasive, real-time glucose monitoring and the potential of nanocarriers to enhance the efficacy of antidiabetic drugs. Additionally, nanotechnology enables the development of closed-loop insulin delivery systems, improving treatment outcomes. Beyond glycaemic control, nanomedicine holds promise for mitigating systemic diabetic complications through organ-specific therapies, including cardiac protection and bone regeneration. However, challenges such as high production costs, scalability issues, regulatory barriers, and long-term safety concerns must be addressed for widespread clinical application. By highlighting advancements in nanotechnology-driven diabetes management and complication prevention, this work underscores the need for interdisciplinary research and collaboration to optimize these emerging technologies for better therapeutic outcomes.

Key words: Diabetes Mellitus, Nanotechnology, Insulin Delivery, Biomedical Devices, Nanoparticles, Glycemic control